La piel como reflejo de trastornos hepáticos subyacentes / The skin as a reflection of underlying liver disorders

La piel es el órgano más grande y visible del cuerpo humano; en ella se pueden reflejar diversos hallazgos de enfermedades sistémicas, incluidas las hepatopatías crónicas y agudas, las cuales se asocian a múltiples lesiones dermatológicas como principal manifestación extrahepática. Las manifestaciones cutáneas son comunes pero inespecíficas y pueden encontrarse en diferentes enfermedades; por lo tanto, la piel funciona como una ventana a nuestra salud general, de ahí que el examen clínico de la piel, las uñas y el cabello pueda permitir el reconocimiento adecuado, el diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano de las enfermedades hepáticas y la mejoría de la calidad y esperanza de vida de los pacientes afectados.

La piel es el órgano más grande y visible del cuerpo humano; en ella se pueden reflejar diversos hallazgos de enfermedades sistémicas, incluidas las hepatopatías crónicas y agudas, las cuales se asocian a múltiples lesiones dermatológicas como principal manifestación extrahepática. Las manifestaciones cutáneas son comunes pero inespecíficas y pueden encontrarse en diferentes enfermedades; por lo tanto, la piel funciona como una ventana a nuestra salud general, de ahí que el examen clínico de la piel, las uñas y el cabello pueda permitir el reconocimiento adecuado, el diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano de las enfermedades hepáticas y la mejoría de la calidad y esperanza de vida de los pacientes afectados.

Adenoma Hepatocelular. A propósito de un caso

El Adenoma Hepatocelular (AH) es un tumor hepático benigno, su diagnóstico ha avanzado gracias a los avances en los métodos moleculares, facilitaron dividirlos en subtipos, con diferentes pronósticos e indicaciones terapéuticas. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente, de 40 años con hallazgo ecográfico de tumor hepático, la Tomografía de Abdomen y Pelvis voluminosa lesión sólida heterogénea, en la Resonancia Magnética compatible con Adenoma esteatósico (asociado a mutación HNF1 alfa). Se decide tratamiento quirúrgico, con resección de los segmentos 6 y 7. La Anatomía patológica concluye: Compatible con el subtipo inflamatorio. Los Adenoma hepáticos (AH) son tumores raros, solitarios de estirpe epitelial, benignos. Se presentan en mujeres de edad fértil y asociado al consumo de anticonceptivos orales y estrógenos. Estos tumores predominan en hígado derecho, con proliferación de células parecidas a los hepatocitos normales, pero desorganizados y sin arquitectura lobular normal, sin ductos biliares ni tejido conectivo de sostén. Los AH así como el resto de los tumores hepáticos benignos, han aumentado su incidencia de la mano con el avance de la imagenología abdominal. La importancia de la diferenciación con el resto de los tumores hepáticos benignos surge del potencial maligno de éstos. Podemos clasificar a los pacientes según el perfil molecular asociado a marcadores inmunohistoquímicos. Los estudios de imagen son fundamentales para la diferenciación tumoral en diagnóstico y planear la terapéutica. El tratamiento será individualizado, determinada por la clínica, la variedad de subtipos, y la evolución. Debido a la complejidad de la enfermedad, el tratamiento de la HA es uno de los mejores ejemplos de abordaje individualizado en unidades hepatobiliares.

Hepatocellular adenoma (HA) is a benign liver tumor, its diagnosis has advanced thanks to advances in molecular methods, which facilitated its division into subtypes, with different prognoses and therapeutic indications. We present the clinical case of a 40-year-old patient with an ultrasound finding of a liver tumor, a voluminous heterogeneous solid lesion on a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis, compatible with a steatotic adenoma on MRI (associated with HNF1 alpha mutation). Surgical treatment was decided, with resection of segments 6 and 7. The pathology concluded in short: Compatible with the inflammatory subtype. Hepatic adenomas (HA) are rare, solitary, benign epithelial tumors. They occur in women of childbearing age and associated with the consumption of oral contraceptives and estrogens. These tumors predominate in the right liver, with proliferation of cells similar to normal hepatocytes, but disorganized and without normal lobular architecture, without bile ducts or supporting connective tissue. HA, as well as the rest of the benign liver tumors, have increased their incidence in the hand with the advancement of abdominal imaging. The importance of differentiation with the rest of the benign liver tumors arises from the malignant potential of these. We can classify patients according to the molecular profile associated with immunohistochemical markers. Imaging studies are fundamental for tumor differentiation in diagnosis and therapeutic planning. The treatment will be individualized, determined by the clinic, the variety of subtypes, and the evolution. Due to the complexity of the disease, the treatment of AH is one of the best examples of an individualized approach in hepatobiliary units.

O adenoma hepatocelular (AH) éum tumor benigno do fígado, seu diagnóstico avançougraçasaosavanços dos métodos moleculares, que facilitaramsuadivisão em subtipos, com diferentes prognósticos e indicaçõesterapêuticas. Apresentamos o caso clínico de umadoente de 40 anoscomachadoultrassonográfico de tumor hepático, volumosalesão sólida heterogénea à TC de abdómen e pelve, compatívelcom adenoma esteatótico à RM (associado a mutação HNF1 alfa ). Optou-se por tratamentocirúrgico, comressecção dos segmentos 6 e 7. A patologiaconcluiu-se resumidamente: Compatívelcom o subtipo inflamatório. Os adenomas hepáticos (AH) são tumores epiteliais raros, solitários e benignos. Ocorrem em mulheres em idadereprodutiva e associadasao consumo de anticoncepcionaisorais e estrogênios. Esses tumores predominam no fígadodireito, comproliferação de células semelhantesaoshepatócitosnormais, porém desorganizados e semarquitetura lobular normal, sem ductos biliares outecido conjuntivo de sustentação. O HA, assim como os demais tumores hepáticos benignos, têm aumentado suaincidêncianamãocom o avanço da imagem abdominal. A importância da diferenciaçãocom os demais tumores hepáticos benignos decorre do potencial maligno destes. Podemos classificar os pacientes de acordocom o perfil molecular associado a marcadores imuno-histoquímicos. Os estudos de imagemsãofundamentais para a diferenciação tumoral no diagnóstico e planejamentoterapêutico. O tratamento será individualizado, determinado pela clínica, variedade de subtipos e evolução. Pela complexidade da doença, o tratamento da HA é um dos melhoresexemplos de abordagem individualizada nas unidades hepatobiliares.

Research advances in the immunomodulatory mechanism of galectin-9 and its role in liver diseases / 临床肝胆病杂志

Galectin-9 （Gal-9） is a member of the galectin family that can specifically recognize and bind to galactosides. Recent studies have shown that Gal-9 is highly expressed in the liver and can help to maintain intrahepatic immune homeostasis and perform biological functions in various liver diseases. This article reviews the immunomodulatory functions of Gal-9 and its role in different liver diseases. Studies have shown that Gal-9 has important biological functions in different liver diseases through multiple pathways. Research on the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms and functions of Gal-9 may help to discover the therapeutic role of Gal-9 in liver diseases.

Current research status of animal models for acute-on-chronic liver failure / 临床肝胆病杂志

Acute-on-chronic liver failure has complex conditions， rapid progression， and a high mortality rate， and further studies are still needed to clarify its pathogenesis and etiology. The establishment of animal models for acute-on-chronic liver failure can not only provide a good basis for exploring the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic liver failure， but also provide an experimental basis for clinical treatment. Through a literature review， this article summarizes the methods commonly used to establish the animal models of acute-on-chronic liver failure， including carbon tetrachloride combined with LPS/GaIN， thioacetamide combined with LPS， serum albumin， and bile duct ligation. This article analyzes the characteristics of various animal models， so as to provide documentary and experimental bases for further exploration of more ideal animal models.

Análise de custos de pacientes cirróticos descompensados recebendo albumina a longo prazo versus tratamento médico padrão nos sistemas de saúde público e privado do Brasil / Albumin versus standard medical treatment in brazilian public and private healthcare systems

ABSTRACT Background: Cirrhosis is one of the final stages of chronic liver disease. Common causes of cirrhosis include alcoholism and viral hepatitis infections. Cirrhosis can progress from an asymptomatic, compensated phase to decompensation and the appearance of overt symptoms. There is no specific treatment for decompensated cirrhosis. The ANSWER trial positioned long-term albumin infusions as a potential treatment for patients with cirrhosis and uncomplicated ascites. Objective: This study assesses the economic impact of albumin infusions following the ANSWER trial regimen in Brazilian patients with decompensated cirrhosis from the public and private healthcare systems perspectives. Methods: The incremental cost per patient per year was calculated for standard medical treatment (SMT) plus long-term albumin infusions versus SMT alone. Costs of diuretics and albumin were obtained from Banco de Preços em Saúde and the Drug Market Regulation Chamber. Costs for complication and procedures were gathered from the published literature. Costs were transformed to 2021 Brazilian reals (BRL). Incidences of clinical complications and treatments were gathered from the ANSWER trial. Univariate sensitivity analysis was performed by increasing and decreasing all inputs by 20%. Results: The cost per patient per year was 118,759 BRL and 189,675 BRL lower for patients treated with SMT and albumin (compared to SMT only) for the public and private healthcare systems, respectively. The additional cost of albumin was offset by reduced complications and treatments (149,526 BRL and 249,572 BRL, respectively). The univariate sensitivity analysis showed cost savings for both healthcare systems in all the scenarios assessed. Conclusion: This economic analysis suggests that, if the ANSWER trial clinical outcomes translate into real-world effectiveness, addition of albumin infusions to SMT in patients with decompensated cirrhosis may lead to cost savings for the public and private healthcare systems in Brazil.

RESUMO Contexto: A cirrose representa o estágio final da doença hepática crônica. Causas comuns de cirrose incluem alcoolismo e infecções por hepatite viral. A cirrose pode progredir de uma fase compensada assintomática para descompensação e aparecimento de sintomas evidentes. Não há tratamento específico para cirrose descompensada. O estudo ANSWER demonstrou que a administração de albumina a longo prazo pode representar um potencial tratamento para pacientes com cirrose e ascite não complicada. Objetivo: Nosso estudo avalia o impacto econômico da administração de albumina a longo prazo seguindo o protocolo do estudo ANSWER em pacientes brasileiros com cirrose descompensada, sob a perspectiva dos sistemas de saúde público e privado. Métodos: O custo incremental por paciente por ano foi calculado para o tratamento médico padrão (SMT) associado a administração de albumina a longo prazo comparado a SMT apenas. Os custos de diuréticos e albumina foram obtidos no Banco de Preços em Saúde e na Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos. Os custos de complicações e procedimentos foram coletados da literatura publicada. Os custos foram transformados em Reais de 2021 (BRL). As incidências de complicações clínicas e tratamentos foram coletadas do estudo ANSWER. Uma análise de sensibilidade univariada foi realizada aumentando e diminuindo todas as variáveis em 20%. Resultados: O custo por paciente por ano foi de R$ 118.759 e R$ 189.675 menor para pacientes tratados com SMT e albumina (comparado apenas com SMT) para os sistemas de saúde público e privado, respectivamente. O custo adicional da albumina foi compensado pela redução de complicações e tratamentos (149.526 BRL e 249.572 BRL, respectivamente). A análise de sensibilidade univariada mostrou redução de custos para ambos os sistemas de saúde em todos os cenários avaliados. Conclusão: Esta análise econômica sugere que, se os resultados clínicos do estudo ANSWER se confirmarem no mundo real, a administração de albumina associada ao SMT em pacientes com cirrose descompensada pode levar a redução de custos para os sistemas de saúde público e privado no Brasil.

Incidental Histopathological Findings Of Liver - A Study Of 100 Autopsy Cases

Introduction: The silent liver diseases are found accidentally during regular health check-ups, examination of other diseases or autopsy examinations. To study the spectrum of histopathological findings of liver and toObjectives: determine the prevalence of silent liver diseases in autopsy cases. A retrospective study wasMaterial And Methods: done in the Department of Pathology, Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru from January 2019 to June 2020 on 100 liver autopsy specimens. The majority of the cases with pathological lesions were in the age group of 31-60 yearsResults: with Male: Female ratio of 2.8:1. The most common finding in this study was steatosis (31%), followed by chronic venous congestion (26%), cirrhosis (6%), portal triaditis (6%), steatohepatitis (5%), abscess and cholestasis (1%), tuberculosis (1%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (1%). The autopsy examination of liver by determining the prevalenceConclusion: of silent liver diseases in particular regional population creates public awareness and brings required life style changes.

Helicobacter pylori e as doenças hepatobiliares: atualização 2023 / Helicobacter and hepatobiliary diseases: update 2023

ABSTRACT Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) is one of the main infectious causes of gastroduodenal diseases, however, its role in developing different extragastric diseases has been proven. The possible involvement of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, skin, and hepatobiliary diseases is suggested. The bacterium has been found in tissue samples from the liver, biliary tract, and gallstones of animals and humans. However, the role of H. pylori infection in the pathogenesis of liver and biliary diseases has not been finally established. The histopathological confirmation of the positive effect of H. pylori eradication is needed. In addition, there are discussions on the clinical significance of other Helicobacter species. The review presents the data available for and against the involvement of H. pylori in hepatobi­liary disease development and progression.

RESUMO Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) é uma das principais causas infecciosas de doenças gastroduodenais, no entanto, seu papel no desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças extragástricas tem sido comprovado. Sugere-se o possível envolvimento do H. pylori na patogênese de doenças cardiovasculares, metabólicas, neurodegenerativas, cutâneas e hepatobiliares. A bactéria tem sido encontrada em amostras de tecido do fígado, trato biliar e cálculos biliares de animais e humanos. No entanto, o papel da infecção por H. pylori na patogênese de doenças do fígado e das vias biliares ainda não foi estabelecido definitivamente. A confirmação histopatológica do efeito positivo da erradicação do H. pylori é necessária. Além disso, existem discussões sobre a importância clínica de outras espécies de Helicobacter. A revisão apresenta os dados disponíveis a favor e contra o envolvimento do H. pylori no desenvolvimento e progressão das doenças hepatobiliares.

Hematological abnormalities in patients of alcoholic chronic liver disease – A cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern Zone of India

Background: Alcohol abuse is on increasing trend in world as well as in India, especially in young population. Long-term alcohol intake may leads to alcoholic chronic liver disease which may turns in to end stage liver diseases. Alcoholic chronic liver disease is associated with some hematological abnormalities which if detected at early stage may provide clear therapeutic implications in managing these patients and reducing the adverse events. Aims and Objectives: Our aim of the study was to identify various hematological abnormalities in patients of alcoholic chronic liver disease. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study includes 100 randomly selected patients with alcoholic chronic liver disease attending Out-Patient Department and admitted in General Medicine ward of Burdwan Medical College satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), total leukocyte count (TLC), platelet count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, and prothrombin time-international normalized ratio. The mean and standard deviation, percentages, and ratio were calculated and presented in the form of tables with the help of SPSS (IBM) ver-23. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Hematological abnormalities were found more with increased duration of alcohol consumption. Prolonged bleeding time was observed in 23% cases and prolonged clotting time was observed in 21% cases. Maximum patients belonged to Child–Pugh grade C. Hematological abnormalities were more in patients belonging to Child–Pugh grade C. Hb, RBC, platelet, and packed cell volume were significantly lower in patients belonging to Child–Pugh class C, whereas TLC, MCV, and MCH were significantly higher in class C. Conclusion: It can be concluded that related hematological changes, which are common in alcoholic chronic liver disease endanger the lives of these patients. They should be detected and corrected at earliest to minimize morbidity and mortality.

Function of peribiliary glands as well as its relationship with ischemic-type biliary lesions / 中华消化外科杂志

Peribiliary glands (PBG) is a kind of microscopic structure around the intra-hepatic bile ducts and extrahepatic bile ducts. PBG not only participates in maintaining the normal physiological function of biliary epithelial tissue, but also plays an important role in its damage and repair process. Biliary tree stem/progenitor cells in PBG are important cell sources of biliary epithelial regeneration and repair. PBG and the surrounding peribiliary vascular plexus are key influencing factors for the occurrence of ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBL) after liver transplantation. Based on relevant literatures and clinical practice, the authors summarize the function of PBG as well as its relationship with ITBL.

Clinical efficacy of da Vinci Xi surgical system assisted laparoscopic exocytosis for hepatic echinococcosis / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of da Vinci Xi surgical system assisted laparoscopic exocytosis for hepatic echinococcosis.Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 7 patients who underwent da Vinci Xi surgical system assisted laparoscopic exocytosis for hepatic echinococcosis in Xinjiang Uiger Municipal People′s Hospital from October 2019 to July 2021 were collected. There were 3 males and 4 females, aged (43±12)years. Observation indicators: (1) surgical situations; (2) complications; (3) follow-up. Mea-surement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean±SD, and measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range). Count data were described as absolute numbers. Results:(1) Surgical situations. All 7 patients underwent da Vinci Xi surgical system assisted laparoscopic exocytosis for hepatic echinococcosis successfully, without conversion to laparotomy and laparoscopic surgery. None of the 7 patients underwent intraoperative blood transfusion and the operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, time to postoperative first and flatus, time to postoperative initial liquid food intake, time to postoperative abdominal drainage tube removal, time to postoperative urethral catheter removal, duration of postoperative hospital stay of 7 patients was (225±45)minutes, 100(range, 50-200)mL, (1.9±0.7)days, (4.2±1.2)days, (7±4)days, (2.9±0.8)days, (7±4)days, respectively. (2) Complications. None of the 7 patients had postoperative complications such as bile leakage, abdominal hemorrhage, incision infection, hydatid cavity infection, secondary operation, intestinal obstruction, pulmonary infection and deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs. (3) Follow-up. All 7 patients were followed up for 7 (range, 3-12) months. None of the 7 patients had recurrence of hepatic echinococcosis or peritoneal implantation and incision implantation, and all patients survived during follow-up.Conclusion:da Vinci Xi surgical system assisted laparoscopic exocytosis for hepatic echinococcosis is safe and feasible.

Perioperative efficacy analysis of robotic surgical system assisted anatomic and non-anatomic hepatectomy / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the perioperative efficacy of robot surgical system assisted anatomic and non-anatomic hepatectomy.Methods:The propensity score matching and retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of 103 patients who underwent robot surgical system assisted hepatectomy in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Affiliated with the Zhejiang University School of Medicine from March 2016 to December 2021 were collected. There were 54 males and 49 females, aged 56(range, 44?64)years. Of the 103 patients, 55 cases undergoing robot surgical system assisted anatomic hepatectomy were divided into the anatomic group, and 48 cases undergoing robot surgical system assisted non-anatomic hepatectomy were divided into the non-anatomic group. Observation indicators: (1) propensity score matching and comparison of general data of patients between the two groups after matching; (2) intraoperative conditions; (3) perioperative complications. Propensity score matching was done by the 1:1 nearest neighbor matching method. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were expressed as M(range), and comparison between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Comparison of ordinal data was conducted using the rank sum test. Results:(1) Propensity score matching and compari-son of general data of patients between the two groups after matching. Of the 103 patients, 94 cases were successfully matched, including 47 cases in the anatomic group and 47 cases in the non-anatomic group. The elimination of preoperative body mass index, preoperative platelet and preoperative albumin confounding bias ensured comparability between the two groups after propensity score matching. (2) Intraoperative conditions. After propensity score matching, the operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss were 175(range, 120?240)minutes and 50(range, 50?100)mL in patients of the anatomic group, versus 155(range, 105?190)minutes and 100(range, 50?200)mL in patients of the non-anatomic group, showing significant differences in the above indicators between the two groups ( Z=1.97, 2.49, P<0.05). (3) Perioperative complications. After propensity score matching, cases with pleural fluid and/or ascites, case with biliary fistula, case with thrombosis, case with peritoneal infection, case with incision infection were 11, 1, 2, 4, 1 in patients of the anatomic group, versus 12, 0, 4, 1, 0 in patients of the non-anatomic group, showing no significant difference in the above indicators between the two groups ( P>0.05). Cases with complications classified as grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ, grade Ⅲ, grade Ⅳ of the Clavien-Dindo classification were 33, 14, 0, 0 in patients of the anatomic group, versus 28, 14, 3, 2 in patients of the non-anatomic group, showing no significant difference in the above indicators between the two groups ( Z=?1.38, P>0.05). Conclusions:Robotic surgical system assisted anatomic and non-anatomic hepatectomy are safe and feasible for clinical application. Compared with robot surgical system assisted non-anatomic hepatectomy, patients under-going robot surgical system assisted anatomic hepatectomy have long operation time and less volume of intraoperative blood loss.

Application prospect of computer vision technology assisted ultrasonography in diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases / 中华消化外科杂志

Ultrasound examination has the advantages of non-radiation, non-invasive, low cost and high efficiency, and is the most commonly used method of liver imaging examination. In recent years, the application of computer vision technology to the intelligent analysis of ultrasound images has become a research hotspot in the field of intelligent healthcare. Through large-scale data training, the intelligent analysis model of ultrasound omics based on machine learning algorithm can assist clinical diagnosis and therapy, and improve the efficiency and accuracy of diagnosis. Based on the literature, the authors summarize the application proprect of computer vision technology assisted ultrasonography in the evaluation of diffuse liver lesions, focal liver lesions, microvascular invasion of liver cancer, postoperative recurrence of liver cancer, and postoperative therapy response to trans-catheter arterial chemoembolization.

Predictive value of controlled nutritional status score for overt hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt of Budd-Chiari syndrome / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the predictive value of controlled nutritional status (CONUT) score for overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) after transjugular intrahepatic portosys-temic stent-shunt (TIPSS) in Budd-Chiari syndrome patients.Method:The retrospective case-control study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 48 Budd-Chiari syndrome patients who underwent TIPSS in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from August 2014 to March 2021 were collected. There were 26 males and 22 females, aged (46±13)years. Observation indicators: (1) surgical situations and follow-up; (2) analysis of influencing factors of OHE after TIPSS; (3) predic-tion of OHE after TIPSS. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was performed using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented by M( Q1, Q3), and comparison between groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were expressed as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was performed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Logistic regression model with forward method. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the efficacy. Comparison among AUC was performed using the Delong test. Results:(1) Surgical situations and follow-up. All 48 patients underwent TIPSS successfully, and the operation time of the 48 patients was (131±29)minutes. All patients were implanted with 8 mm covered stent. All 48 patients were followed up for 46(25,71)months, and there were 14 cases with OHE and 34 cases without OHE after TIPSS. Of the 14 cases with OHE, 12 cases were evaluated as West-Haven Ⅱ grade and 2 cases were evaluated as West-Haven Ⅲ grade. (2) Analysis of influencing factors of OHE after TIPSS. Results of multivariate analysis showed that history of hepatic encephalo-pathy and CONUT score were independent factors influencing the incidence of OHE of Budd-Chiari syndrome patients who underwent TIPSS ( odds ratio=8.36, 1.74, 95% confidence interval as 1.02?68.75, 1.12?2.69, P<0.05). (3) Prediction of OHE after TIPSS. Results of ROC curve showed that the AUC of the CONUT score, the Child-Pugh score of liver function and the integrated model of end-stage liver disease (iMELD) score in predicting the incidence of OHE after TIPSS was 0.77(95% confidence interval as 0.64?0.91, P<0.05), 0.71(95% confidence interval as 0.56?0.87, P<0.05) and 0.71(95% confidence interval as 0.53?0.88, P<0.05), respectively, and there was no significant difference between the AUC of the CONUT score and the Child-Pugh score of liver function or the iMELD score ( Z=0.84, 0.59, P>0.05). The optimal cutoff value of CONUT score in predicting the incidence of OHE after TIPSS was 7, with the sensitivity, specificity and Yodon index as 78.6%, 61.8% and 0.40, respectively. Conclusion:The CONUT score can be used to predict the incidence of OHE in Budd-Chiari syndrome patients who underwent TIPSS, and the discrimination of CONUT score is equivalent to the Child-Pugh score of liver function and the iMELD score.

Influencing of high sodium donor liver transplantation from the death of a citizen′s organ donation on the prognosis of recipients / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the influencing of high sodium donor liver transplan-tation from the death of a citizen′s organ donation (DCD) on the prognosis of recipients.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was constructed. The clinicopathological data of 125 pairs of donors and recipients who underwent DCD liver transplantation in Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 2015 to June 2021 were collected. Of the 125 donors, there were 93 males and 32 females. Of the 125 recipients, there were 92 males and 33 females, aged 48(41,55)years. According to the last time of serum sodium level of donor liver in the 125 recipients, 9 donor livers with serum sodium level ≥170 mmol/L were divided into group 1 (extremely high sodium), 33 donor livers with serum sodium level ≥150 mmol/L and <170 mmol/L were divided into group 2 (moderate high sodium), and 83 donor livers with serum sodium level <150 mmol/L were divided into group 3 (normal sodium), respectively. Observation indicators: (1) postoperative recover situations; (2) follow-up and survival analysis. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD. Repeated measures were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3), and comparison between groups was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, and Pearson chi-square test or Fisher exact probability were used for data test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw survival curves and Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Results:(1) Postoperative recover situations. The changes of alanine transaminase (AlT), aspartate aminotransferases (AST), total bilirubin (TBil), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), albumin (Alb) and creatinine (Cr) from the first day to the 14th day after operation were (736±972)IU/L to (75±46)IU/L, (1 290±1 651)IU/L to (38±20)IU/L, (102±98)μmol/L to (33±11)μmol/L, (66±34)IU/L to (104±54)IU/L, (19.9±3.3)seconds to (11.3±1.0)seconds, 1.76±0.31 to 1.00±0.08, (34±5)g/L to (38±3)g/L and (91±41)μmol/L to (76±19)μmol/L, respectively, in the recipients of group 1. The above indicators were (505±377)IU/L to (48±46)IU/L, (855±727)IU/L to (24±17)IU/L, (64±42)μmol/L to (32±22)μmol/L, (68±51)IU/L to (91±46)IU/L, (16.8±3.5)seconds to (11.9±1.2)seconds, 1.47±0.30 to 1.04±0.09, (33±4 g/L) to (40±5)g/L and (106±32)μmol/L to (97±27)μmol/L in the recipients of group 2 and (637±525)IU/L to (65±60)IU/L, (929±1 193)IU/L to (33±27)IU/L, (66±48)μmol/L to (33±36)μmol/L, (64±28)IU/L to (125±64)IU/L, (17.2±4.7)seconds to (13.3±12.8)seconds, 1.51±0.42 to 1.05±0.13, (35±6)g/L to (39±4)g/L, (105±44)μmol/L to (94±40)μmol/L in the recipients of groups. Results of overall effect showed there were significant differ-ences in the change trend of TBil (time effect, inter-group effect, interaction effect) in recipients among the three groups after liver transplantation ( Fgroup=5.42, Ftime=22.78, Finteraction=3.85, P<0.05). There were significant differences in the time effect of ALT, AST, ALP, PT, INR, Alb, Cr in recipients among the three groups after liver transplantation ( Ftime=50.17, 36.24, 19.24, 10.55, 59.61, 41.94, 10.82, P<0.05). (2) Follow-up and survival analysis. All recipients were followed up. Cases with early postoperative liver dysfunction, cases with donor liver failure 1 year after operation, cases with biliary complica-tions 1 year after operation, cases with vascular complications 1 year after operation, cases with rejection 1 year after operation were 2, 1, 0, 0, 0 in the recipients of group 1. The above indicators were 2, 1, 3, 0, 1 in the recipients of group 2 and 10, 8,20, 1, 6 in the recipients of group 3. There was no significant difference in the above indicators among the three groups ( χ2=1.58, 0.60, 5.19, 1.62, 0.97, P>0.05). The 1-year and 3-year cumulative survival rates of the donor liver were 100.00% and 100.00% in the recipients of group 1 after liver transplantation. The above indicators were 94.74% and 77.16% in the recipients of group 2 and 91.57% and 89.30% in the recipients of group 3. There was no significant difference in the cumulative survival rate of donor liver among the three groups ( χ2=2.69, P>0.05). The 1-year and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 100.00% and 100.00% in the recipients of group 1 after liver transplantation. The above indicators were 93.74% and 77.16% in the recipients of group 2 and 89.40% and 86.00% in the recipients of group 3. There was no significant difference in the cumulative survival rate among the three groups ( χ2=1.94, P>0.05). Conclusion:Donor livers with high serum sodium level can be used in the DCD liver transplantation.

Research progress on the role of type II innate lymphoid cells in liver diseases / 中华肝脏病杂志

Type II innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) is a newly identified innate immunological cell that belongs to the lymphocyte lineage in cell morphology, resides in the body's mucosal tissues, and has the dual functions of innate and adaptive immunity to promote tissue remodeling and repair after injury. Additionally, it is involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of liver diseases and plays an important role in maintaining the immunological homeostasis of the liver region. This article reviews the differentiation, development, and biological functions of ILC2, with particular attention to the research progress in liver diseases.

Research advances in myosteatosis in chronic liver diseases / 临床肝胆病杂志

Myosteatosis is the main manifestation of malnutrition and is a common complication of chronic liver diseases, with a negative impact on the progression and prognosis of liver diseases. There is no gold standard for the diagnosis of myosteatosis, and CT is a commonly used diagnostic method. Myosteatosis in chronic liver diseases has diverse mechanisms, and hyperammonemia, increased cathepsin D level in circulation, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic systemic microinflammation play an important role in myosteatosis. Early intervention of these factors can improve prognosis. With reference to related studies in China and globally, this article reviews the features, diagnostic methods, pathogenesis, treatment, and intervention of myosteatosis.

Combined liver-kidney transplant in polycystic diseases: a case report

ABSTRACT Polycystic liver disease, a hereditary pathology, usually manifests as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The many cysts in the liver cause massive hepatomegaly, majorly affecting the patient's quality of life. In cases of refractory symptoms, liver transplantation is the only treatment choice. A 43-year-old woman was followed up as a hepatology outpatient in August 2020, with a progressive increase in abdominal volume, lower limb edema, and cachexia. The patient was diagnosed with polycystic renal and liver disease with massive hepatomegaly in March 2021, a combined kidney-liver transplant. Liver size represented 13% of the patient's corporal composition, weighing 8.6kg. The patient was discharged on the 7th postoperative day with no complications. Only 10-20% of patients with polycystic liver disease have clinical manifestations, most of which result from hepatomegaly. An increase in liver volume deteriorates liver function until the condition becomes end-stage liver disease, as kidney function is already compromised; liver-kidney transplantation remains the only treatment choice. The case described drew significant attention to the massive hepatomegaly presented in the patient, with the liver representing over 10% of the patient's body weight, approximately five to six times larger than a normal-sized liver.

Alcoholic foamy degeneration: an unusual presentation of the alcoholic liver disease diagnosed on autopsy

ABSTRACT Alcoholic foamy degeneration (AFD) is an uncommon presentation of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) with characteristic histologic findings of foamy-looking hepatocytes due to the presence of abundant microvesicles of fat within the cytoplasm predominantly in perivenular and midzonal regions without inflammation and fibrosis. It is underdiagnosed as the patients quickly recover after alcoholic abstinence and are rarely caught on biopsies. AFD has better prognosis than alcoholic hepatitis, and the injury mechanism is different, warranting a different diagnosis. We present an uncommon case of AFD incidentally diagnosed during autopsy in a chronic alcoholic and diabetic man.

Autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis overlap syndrome after COVID-19

ABSTRACT COVID-19 is commonly associated with high serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the post-infection status can disturb self-tolerance and trigger autoimmune responses. We are reporting a 45-year-old male who was admitted with fatigue, jaundice, elevated liver enzymes (with cholestatic pattern), and acute kidney injury two weeks after recovering from a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Serologies for viral hepatitis and anti-mitochondrial antibody were negative, while anti-nuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies were positive. There were no signs of chronic liver disease, and a magnetic resonance cholangiography showed no dilatation of biliary ducts. Histologic evaluation of the liver evidenced numerous foci of lobular necrosis without ductopenia or portal biliary reaction. Considering the autoantibody profile and histologic changes, the medical team started oral prednisone, but there was a suboptimal biochemical response in the outpatient follow-up. Two months later, a second liver biopsy was performed and revealed non-suppurative destructive chronic cholangitis, extensive areas of confluent necrosis with hepatocytes regenerating into pseudorosettes, and numerous plasma cells. According to the Paris Criteria, the patient was then diagnosed with an autoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cholangitis overlap syndrome (AIH-PBC-OS). After adding azathioprine and ursodeoxycholic acid to the treatment, there was a satisfactory response. This is the second worldwide report of an AIH-PBC-OS triggered by COVID-19, but the first case with a negative anti-mitochondrial antibody. In this setting, histologic evaluation of the liver by an experienced pathologist is a hallmark of achieving the diagnosis and correctly treat the patient.

Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic liver disease of different etiology in a Brazilian referral center: comparison of two different hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid amplification protocols: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is defined as the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the liver of individuals with undetectable hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in the serum. The actual prevalence of OBI and its clinical relevance are not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of HBV DNA in liver biopsies of HBsAg-negative patients with chronic liver disease of different etiologies in a referral center in Brazil and compare two different HBV DNA amplification protocols to detect HBV. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Liver Outpatient Clinic, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, between January 2016 and December 2019. METHODS: HBV DNA was investigated in 104 liver biopsy samples from individuals with chronic liver disease of different etiologies, in whom HBsAg was undetectable in serum by nested-polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR), using two different protocols. RESULTS: OBI, diagnosed by detecting HBV DNA using both protocols, was detected in 6.7% of the 104 individuals investigated. Both protocols showed a good reliability. CONCLUSION: In addition to the differences in the prevalence of HBV infection in different regions, variations in the polymerase chain reaction technique used for HBV DNA amplification may be responsible for the large variations in the prevalence of OBI identified in different studies. There is a need for better standardization of the diagnostic methods used to diagnose this entity.